Result of learning behavior test

This class has taught me a lot about myself as a learner and what works best for me when it comes to how I study. EXP 105 has given me the ability to know how I learn and what my strengths are in my learning process. It has shown me that not everyone learns the same way by just reading and responding. That everyone is learning behavior is as unique as one’s fingerprint. My learning behavior is Sequence – 27, Precision – 26, Technical Reasoning 26 Confluence -23, and I am ranked as a Dynamic Learner. My strengths are in my organization skills as well as my ability to be able to plan.In everything I do I lead by planning things out as well as being very organized with list and time schedules. These techniques work very well for me and the more I have learned about them the better I have become in strengthening my learning behavior. I have learned that my LCI not only tells me how I learn but also how I do my discussions and my assignments. I FIT all of my learning behaviors in to everything I do in studying, learning, writing, note taking, and even in tests. I follow a format every time and have become more aware of this the further along I have come in this class and in the assignments.It is almost as if I follow the same exact pattern every time I begin to read or write. I am continuously learning more and more about myself as an intentional learner and will continue to do so thru out my collage experience. In all my assignments, I always begin with making an outline of what I want to cover in my discussions. I make a list of all points that I want to cover and bring up in my papers. I also like to take extensive notes when I read each chapter so that I can always look back and refresh my memory on what I have read.It also makes for an excellent study guide. By learning how I learn it has made it easier to understand the best way for me to write my papers or study in general. As I just get started in my online education, this class has help ed me in how I approach each assignment. I started this journey because I am a single mother of two and want to better our lives. Going to school online gives me the ability to do my class work and studies around my children’s schedules. It enables me to be there to take care of my children, be there for their school and for them in general.It was very important to me that I wanted to go back to school and better myself and my family, but I did not want my children to be neglected or feel pushed aside, and also for me to be able to study and work at my pace. Ashford University has allowed me to do all of this. The faculty has been so wonderful and beyond helpful that I have not felt alone or lost during this new start in my life. I am grateful for this new chapter in my life and all the help from advisors and teachers that I have received and am looking forward to continuing my education with this university.

Agriculture in Indonesia Essay

Agriculture in Indonesia supports the livelihood of the population. Every three out of five people live in rural areas and farming is considered a main occupation for many families. Around 45% of Indonesian workers are farmers. Rice is Indonesians primary staple crop. Indonesia today is the third largest rice producer totaling 64,398,900 tons of rice in all. Most of the rice produced in Indonesia is located in the island of Java. Before the fall of the New Order, they were most known for their contribution to Indonesians agriculture industry. The New Order introduced the Green Revolution rice technology to Indonesia. The Green Revolution was the foundation for economic growth in Indonesia. This Revolution controlled the water supply and improved fertilizers and pesticides. The Green Revolution moved Indonesia from being a major rice importer in the 1970s to being self-sufficient by the mid 1980s. Based on the population quickly increasing, Indonesia is finding ways to make food production more efficient and cheaper to support the population. Indonesia had the most rapid decrease in poverty due to the fast agricultural growth created by the Green Revolution. The production of crops became quicker and cheaper, allowing the sales price to decrease. Poverty stricken people now do not have to devote their whole paycheck towards paying for food, since the sales price has lowered. The availability of crops increased which also contributed to the decrease in price. Indonesia relies greatly on agriculture to feed the population and help decrease the poverty rate. Section 10 Works Cited . â€Å"Indonesia- Agriculture. † Encyclopedia of the Nations. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Mar 2012.

Drinking and driving Essay

On Jan.8, 2002, President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) that became the education-reform bill. The No Child Left Behind is most sweeping education-reform bill since 1965 that made changes to the the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The No Child Left Behind plays a big part in the life’s of students, parents, teachers, and the future of the educational system. â€Å"No longer content to provide access to education for traditionally extended students populations, we are now demanding that these students receive equally good educations.† In other words, administrations are now demanding equality of quality. President Bush thinks that all students are title to high quality education, treated equal, fair, and to be safe while at school. The No Child Left Behind places significant responsibilities on state educational agencies, school districts, principals, and the teachers. â€Å"In 2002 the federal government returned to the force front in potentially historic fashion.† With the passage of No Child Left Behind, supported by bipartism majorities in Congress, the nation committed itself to the achievement of every student in America. The No Child Left Behind in the federal system the United States for every education state and school districts fail to meet the requirements of No Child Left Behind Act that will be held accountable, with the opportunity to improve their down fall. Each state makes their own standards for what a child should know and learn for grades, for math and reading the standards should be developed first. Every student should be tested by the standards. All school districts should make adequate yearly progress toward meeting their state standards. Schools that fail need all the support they can get to improve their progress. The school or District shall come up with an idea that’s going to meet all necessary to make higher goals. The No Child Left Behind has a standardize by making sure that all teachers were high. The No CLB Act has In the article (Teacher’s Views on No child left behind) teachers was the no child left behind law â€Å"The federal legislation provides considerable discretion to states that can develop their own academic content standards, choose the tests they will administer, and specify the minimum scores students must obtain to be declared â€Å"proficient†. The no child left behind law increased the attention to many schools that pay to academic achievement and to disadvantage children that make it better. â€Å"As a result, the skills, and knowledge of the subgroups of children that historically have not increased as rapidly under many state tests would suggest. Second, no child left behind has increased the efforts of schools scores, third, adequate yearly progress rules; some states increased the migration of experienced teachers out of school serving high concentrations of low – performing students. No child left behind represents that parents of students who are attending title I schools are given the option to transfer their students to another school in the district for improvement status, If a student requested to be transferred shall be allowed to transfer. The No Child Left Behind, has two new educational options, -supplemental educational services and school choice for title I schools for restricting, improvement, and corrective action by the options depends on parental decisions. Parents will know their student assessments. If the school needs improvement the parent will be informed. Conclusion: The No Child Left Behind Act is great. Every child should have the right to receive an education, and be safe while in school. There so many jobs and opportunities will be required to have a college degree in order for a student to have success in life they need an education. The No Child Left Behind Act helps and gives students the impossible they did not have. The No  Child Left Behind made school districts accountability achievement. ON January 8, 2002 President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind (NCLB), Act the reform bill improves student’s goals on the state- wide testing, and The No Child Left Behind has admirable goal of improvement in the educational system. President Bush thinks that no child should be left behind and that all children are entitled to education, treated fair and to be safe. No matter what the student is, their race, where they live, they should be entitled to an equal education. References’ Abernathy, S. (2007). No child left behind and the public schools {electronic resource} / Scott Franklin Abernathy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, c2007. Michigan Press. In 2001 the author researcher at Ann Arbor: University of President George W. Bush’s education reform legislation, the no child left behind act (H.R. 1). Testing and accotability provisions Chubb, J.E. (2009). Learning from no child left behind {electronic resource}: how and why the nation’s most important but The Author research stand ford, California. : hoover institution Murnane, R., Papay, J. (2010). Teacher’s views on no child left behind: support for the principles, concerns about the practices. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(3), 151- 166 Programs, all other Miscellaneous Schools Believes that the school should not be accountable for teaching all children well. The No child left behind is to improve all students’ performance. Put students’ performance in data gives the parents opportunity to see the child’s performance. Students that attend low-performing schools start to develop discipline issues, their want to be transferred to a better – performing school. School that doesn’t need their goals will offer including free tutoring, and after school instruction. Randolph, K., & Wilson – Younger, D. (2012). †Is No Child Left Behind Effective For All Students?† Parents don’t think so. Online submission. The author’s researchers Database: ERIC. Since the No child left behind is to discuss the advantage of the core requirements for its implementation. Parents have concerns whether the children are really learning. Zimmer, R., Gill, B., Raquin, Booker, K., Lockwood, J., & Department of education, w.c (2007). State and Local Implementation of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† (Nls-â€Å"nclb†). The author researchers us department of  education. The key component the no child left behind for the parent children that were attending title I school options for corrective action, improvement, failure achieve toward meeting state standards.

Globalization or denationalization summary Essay

Globalization or denationalization summary - Essay Example There an increasing pressure for the IMF and US government for the implementation of both monetary and fiscal policies that comprise of global markets. 1. The subnational: a site for globalization Study of globalization entails both focusing global in scale and also locally scaled processes and conditions that are articulated within the global dynamics. It is essential to focus on the multiple cross-border connections that are aided by the reoccurrence of numerous conditions across localities. For instance, the global capital markets consist of both electronic markets that are global and locally conditions like financial centers that provide the infrastructure and trust systems for the global capital markets to function (Sassen p 1).Focusing on sub-national practices and globalization requires theories and methodologies that engage in both global scale and sub-national scale. Study of globalization under sub-national processes offers some advantages, but is challenging since it entai ls the use of both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. However, its provides the basis for utilization of sub-national and national data, but the studies must occur within the conceptual architectures of the researchers of such techniques and data sets since such data and conceptual framework was not geared to study of globalization. ... issue is the circuits that constitute political and economic globalization since a focus of places leads to demonstration of globalization in terms of several cross-border circuits depending on location of the place. Global cities are sub-national places whereby multiple global activities take place thus positioning such cities as structured cross-border geographies. For instance, circuits connecting Sao Paulo to global networks are different from those of other global cities like Frankfurt and Bombay. Increased economic transactions in older hegemonic cities like New York, Mexico City as well as emerging geographies like Shanghai that has a increasing cross-border transactions usually deviates from the concept of globalisation that is based on international trade, global markets and international institutions (Sassen p 4). The second aspect is the role of technology since firms and financial institutions use new technologies attain a global span. Surprisingly, resource-deficient fir ms can use new technology to become a microenvironment with a global presence thus dispelling the notion that physical proximity is a characteristic of local or nation. In deed, a reconceptualization of local is the notion that local scales form part of a nested hierarchy of scale from local to regional and finally international must be rejected. The third issue that arises is the interaction of the global dynamics and various aspects of national states since global is partially embedded in to national. The above three issues attest the fact that nationalism is inadequate due to transboundary dynamics some specific structuring of global within national requires special denationalization of some aspects of the national (Sassen p 5). 2. The devastating of older hierarchies of scale Some

Preservation of Organs for Transplant Research Paper

Preservation of Organs for Transplant - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to analyze history of organ transplant, what happens to blood flow and metabolism; the length of time the tissue is available for transplant, size of the tissue in relation to efficacy of the methods of preservation, energy balance at the tissue/organ surface and how this may appropriate particular method, and the methods that are used in conjunction with hypothermia. Introduction Organ transplant is the effective therapy for end-state organ failure which primarily depends on the supply of organs of high quality and efficacy. It was developed in 1960’s based on the functional knowledge by anatomists and physiologists on the requirements of to keep body organs viable and functioning outside the body. Organ preservation on the other hand acts as a logistic aspect to enable conducting of laboratory tests and organization of other clinical activities before the actual transplant (Toledo-Pereyra, 3). Organ preservation simply calls for slowing biological deteriorat ion in organs removed from their normal physiological environment necessitating advancement of methods and approaches to achieve the process. Methods Cooling: This involves reduction of temperatures to inhibit cellular metabolism and requirements for oxygen in a bid to prevent tissue injury. The organs are preserved in a specific solution which in most cases prevent the molecular, cell and tissue changes in a bid to prevent oxidative stress and inflammation/cytokine production which would affect the conditions of the tissue. Hypothermic Machine Perfusion [HMP]: this method depends on activating residual metabolism which greatly relies on energy generation synonymous with the mammalian need for oxygen supply for aerobic metabolism through vascular perfusion. Simple Static cold storage [SCS]: It is associated with preservation for livers, lungs, pancreas or heart with a basic concept of cooling supplemented with use of special preservation solutions aimed at modifying inevitable cellu lar molecular changes. Discussion In cooling, blood flow and metabolism are suppressed so as to inhibit uncontrolled cellular/ molecular growth before the transplant. This elongates viability of the tissue/organ with respect to time by â€Å"chilling of organs† making it the widely used approach in the preservation history. The efficacy of this method depends on the size of the tissue/organ which dictates the maximum time that it can be preserved before the transplant. The energy balance is based on the mitochondrial dysfunction by disrupting its membrane permeability allowing accumulation of calcium, sodium and water within the cell which in turn inhibits uncontrolled growth/destruction of the tissue. HMP on the other hand involves a non-pulsatile blood flow coupled with low/minimal oxygen supply and low temperatures to inhibit metabolic changes of energetic substrates. Uniform myocardium cooling and constant supply of needed metabolic substances, facilitates early post-stor age capacity a method that necessitates HMP in the liver transplant. Energy balance on this method relies on the balance of oxygen supply and the aeration of perfusates and the preservation solutions (Hornick and Marlene, 3). SCS involves much of the HMP procedures but differs with the concentration of chilled solutions and

Executive Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Executive Summary - Assignment Example This initiative seeks to establish a customer support service within the outpatient section of the hospital to ensure that some services which were previously not being provided to the clients are made available to them (Wolper, 2011). Therefore, it is evident that many hospitals across the state lack personalised one on one interaction services to their clients whereby critical issues that affect them on the daily basis are discussed and relevant advice be given to them to ensure they stand a better position tackling those problems effectively (Cleverley, Cleverley & Song, 2011). This customer support service will be basically based on offering valuable information and advice to the clients of the hospital on crucial issues that include; the importance and use of contraceptives, cancer awareness, HIV/AIDS counselling and other home care information that the clients may seek to be enlightened on (Weese & Tucholka, 2007). The program will be a sensitization initiative that will be providing support services to clients on issues affecting them daily in their health life. According to a research that was conducted recently by the university of Liverpool it indicated many people who end up suffering from chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and other immune depressing ailments do so as a result of lack of adequate information on way od leading health lifestyles that will free them from the risk of contracting those disease (Guah, 2011). Basically the customer support service will be offering information to the clients on how to lead healthy lifestyles this will involve information on the types of food and physical activities that people need to take, consultation on the use of contraceptives and also advice on how to manage diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes etc. (Cleverley, Cleverley & Song, 2011). The customer support service that we intend to roll out

You can make a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can make a topic - Essay Example Stone reason that the whole concern of equality and rights revolve around the subject of who ‘human being’ is and what nature has empowered him to do. Humans has the capacity through the experience of pain and or pleasure to substantiate the moral authority bestowed by nature on them to protect animals from pain and other sufferings while at the same time defining the interest of trees in being watered. Contention in this discussion places human beings in the centre place through which he is morally obligated to relieve animals of any form of pain and suffering. The movements that run in the interest of liberating animals and safeguarding their interests lobby on the natural responsibility endowed on humans to protect their lives or at least meeting their interests (Sagaff, 38-39). This revolves around a postulation by Leopold that human beings exist in a community of nature through which interactions are bound by morality and through which human beings are bound to hono r the natural obligation of safeguarding the interests of animals in at the least form minimizing their pain and suffering. The contradiction arises while the environmentalists and conservationists concentrated efforts in ecological issues unlike expressing their interests in humanitarian issues. Therefore, the environmentalists are seen through the eyes of allowing hunting practices as a means to balance the ecological support by nature when some species exceed the carrying capacity of the environment. This raises the concern that there exist the disparities in matters of morality in safeguarding the interest of these animals when at the same time advocating for the hunting. However, this whole discussion leave humans at the centre with his role being defined by nature and morality in respect to safeguarding the interests of animals which are notably prone to sufferings. The liberationist movements therefore champion the role of human beings to

Review theory, current trends and development of the Nhs in light of Literature

Theory, current trends and development of the Nhs in light of sustainable business. Ie stakeholder engagement waiting th - Literature review Example Gleeds (2010) reported that as first phase of developing sustainable business models, NHS identified potential source of carbon emission. NHS in UK found 40% raise in carbon emission its different operational activities ranging from travel, building operations and procurement in healthcare network. In such context, UK government had taken stringent measures to control activities of healthcare organizations to reduce carbon emission in operation. The UK government also wanted the emergence of an organization or association which can set examples for other players in terms of reduction of carbon footprint in the value chain. NHS found it the ideal situation to lead the sustainable business model movement and during 2008, National Health Service launched Improving Health campaign and Saving Carbon campaign. As part of the program, NHS staff, NHS itself and partners got the opportunity to consult other healthcare organizations when it comes to reducing carbon footprint in operation (Glee ds, 2010). ... In the workplace, NHS staff is being encouraged to decrease use of fuel fed vehicles and use of papers and perform other green habits. Procurement - more than 50% of annual NHS carbon footprints (more than 10 million tonnes) are being produced through logistics and transports of goods. In such context, NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency (PASA) established partnership with Department of Health (DH) and Sustainable Development Commission (SDC) in order implement low carbon solutions in the procurement process. NHS directed monthly transportation limit for fuel fed vehicles. As result of such strategic initiatives, NHS has been able to save ?40 million/year by reducing carbon emission throughout the supply chain by 10%. Waste Reduction- NHS incurred additional cost of ?71.2 million in 2007-2008 due to waste generated from its operation. In such context, NHS SDU and DH practices are being moderated simultaneously to reduce the amount of waste generated from operation by 40% (Gleeds, 2010). Significant amount of carbon based pollution (by CO2 and CO) caused from untreated waste (Begg, Van der Woerd and Levy, 2005; Boiral, 2006). Therefore, NHS took step for reducing waste in operation that can alternatively reduce overall carbon emission. Smith and Ward (2007), Sterling (2001) and Stern (2007) supported the fact that organizations can deploy sustainable business models based on carbon reduction formulae by integrating all the above mentioned activities such as Energy & Carbon Management, Procurement of sources, reducing waste and ensuring minimal carbon emission at transport. In the next section, the study will discuss two case studies regarding sustainable

Ethical Hacking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Hacking - Essay Example Even mundane day to day tasks rely on the use of computers. Technology is evolving at an unprecedented rate and as a result the products that reach the market are engineered more for ease of use rather than secure computing. With the increased numbers and expanding knowledge of ill-intentioned crackers, combined with the growing number of system vulnerabilities and other unknowns, organizations (universities, corporate companies, NGOs, hospitals etc) need to be more proactive in securing their sensitive networks and data. More and more companies now believe in the quote: "To catch a thief, think like a thief" and hiring ethical hackers to ensure information system security. For a long time, the term Ethical Hacking has been termed to be an oxymoron. This is mainly because of the misappropriate information imparted by misinformed or more appropriately, 'lesser informed' people. Since a long time, zealous and intelligent information system professionals who can get around a computer issue through innovation have categorized themselves into two categories: Black Hat Society (Crackers) and White Hat Society (Hackers).

Kerouac and Moon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kerouac and Moon - Essay Example These two people are Dean and Sal. In the course of their journeys around New York, there are several fascinating encounters the two friends come across that both enlightens their views and opinion about the American person and also gives them a peculiar identify of where they two of them also belong in the American society or system. On his part, Heat-Moon William Least in writing Blue Highways takes the story from the perspective of someone who is not meeting love right away but bitterness and pain. This was because the journey that is described in this book was embarked upon by someone who had just separated from his wife and also lost his lost. As a way of finding solace from not just the brighter side of life but the ugly part of it also, the voyager decides to travel along the rural part of America that is often marked by a blue line in Rand McNally road atlas and thus the Blue Highway. It could briefly be said that both works are similar because they are all based on journeys of the life of real people while the setting of the journeys and the causes of the journey brings out the differences in the two books. Likes among both writers Both authors exhibit in their writing and the narration of their journeys, certain things they like about America that are common in both instances. One of these is the seemingly clear love for alcohol. This is shown because Kerouac emphasizes his love for big party with alcohol (Kerouac, p. 53). Similarly, Moon reiterates his love to drink a lot of alcohol (Moon, p. 6). Clearly, reasons as to why these two writers both love the abundance of alcoholic drinks in America could be traced to the circumstances surrounding their trip. On the part of Kerouac, it could be said that he was just putting himself in the most common kind of mood that new friends and lovers put themselves in, which has to do with the sharing of drinks and alcohol to make themselves feel so good. On his part, Moon might have taken to the love for alcohol a s a way of dealing with the pain and grief that his heart bore. The love for alcohol is thus similar among the two writers but the reasons for liking alcohol is quite different. Both writers also exhibit their likeness for music and dancing. Though Moon traveled through the rural part of America and Kerouac travelled through New York, it is common to find that music and dance is something that is synonymous with all parts of America being it rural or urban. This is because while Kerouac who was in the heart of the city wrote that he loves music and dance (Kerouac, p. 53), Moon who was also in the rural setting also wrote that he loves to enjoy his life by dancing off his stress (Moon, p. 9). Regardless of this similarity however, it can be said that the sources of enjoyment that came with music and dance for the two writers were different. For instance in the city, one is likely to party in places like the discotheque or club while in the rural area, all that there is to offer are p ubs and little bars and restaurants. Again, there exist differences in terms of causes of action. This is because while Kerouac’s action was caused by the desire to make himself happy with his friend, Moon’s action was caused by the need to throw off his sorrows. Dislikes among both writers As normal people, it would not be every single thing that these two individuals see about America that they will love. This is especially so as the two had to travel around different places in America. Indeed once a person is travelling around; it is common that he fellow will come across different people and different events that will trigger the person’

Story of Dubliners Essay Example for Free

Story of Dubliners Essay The very first story of Dubliners outlines a large theme that can overlay much of the book and may in part be why James Joyce decided to group all of these short stories into one book. The first short story called â€Å"Two Sisters† focuses on the paralysis of a young boy as the impending death of his mentor Father Flynn draws closer. The boy walks past the priest’s home showing that a part of him cannot let go and that he himself is paralyzed by the loss of his friend and mentor who was prepping him for the priesthood. In the first paragraph of the book the narrator talks of the word paralysis and says â€Å"It filled me with fear, and yet I longed to be nearer to it and to look upon its deadly work† (Joyce, 3). The quote summarizes a recurring theme throughout Dubliners and prepares the reader by showing how paralysis in life is dangerous and leads to unhappiness. The story following â€Å"Two Sisters† is called â€Å"An Encounter† which is about two boys and their adventures while skipping school. Seeking escape from everyday life the boys decide to skip school and have an adventure much like the adventures that Mahoney reads in his books. At the start of their day their original plan is working out for them apart from the fact that Joe Dillon who promised to join them was a no show. However, the title suggests that something would happen to the boys. While they are in a field they see an older man coming right towards them. The old man is particularly creepy towards the boys after asking them about their girlfriends and then leaving walking to another part of the field and then coming back talking of beating Mahoney. Faced by this odd situation the narrator feels paralyzed from taking some sort of action to avoid the old man. Mahoney ran off chasing a cat, but the narrator stayed and instead of leaving as well, the peculiarity of the situation keeps him from acting. The narrator does not respond to the man and sits hoping for the moment to just pass by. Only at the very end of the story is the narrator able to stand up and break free from his paralysis. The next story in Dubliners called â€Å"Araby†, centers around a younger boy who has a crush on his friend’s sister who is likely a few years older. Her presence in the story greatly resembles â€Å"An Encounter† because she is seen as an escape to the narrator. She allows him to break away from the dull dragging on everyday life by giving the boy over romanticized thoughts. He goes to the bazaar to get her a gift, however he arrives late and does not have as much money as wanted to buy her a gift. By the end he gives up his attempts to purchase a gift and has a sort of epiphany; however it is not a positive one. The paralysis in the story centers on this youthful defeat and eludes that life itself will be much the same. The three stories prepare the reader for the paralysis in â€Å"Eveline† because in the stories preceding the paralysis is the same, but slightly different every time. In â€Å"Two Sisters† the narrator is paralyzed from the beginning and thinks heavily on the work itself and how destructive it can be. The narrator foreshadows the theme that continues through the whole novel. In â€Å"An Encounter† the narrator is paralyzed in the field by the old man, but he manages to overcome it after a while and leaves. In â€Å"Araby† the narrator breaks free from paralysis when he has his romanticized feelings for his friend’s sister, but at the end is defeated and thrown back into paralysis after failing to get her a gift. In â€Å"Eveline† the paralysis is so evident that the narrator is described as clinging to the cold iron bars. The theme of paralysis is most evident in this story than it is through the entire novel, however the stories placed before â€Å"Eveline† were needed to help the reader further understand paralysis and how it affects people constantly every day. Short Response 5.In â€Å"Two Gallants† Lenehan receives a great deal of depth even though on the surface he could be seen as a simple con man. Lenehan’s partner, Corely, is fairly one dimensional and is a great contrast from Lenehan. Corley seems content with the life that he lives in that he is described as a â€Å"leech†; however Lenehan is shown in a much different light in that he seems distant when walking with Corely at the beginning of the story, lost in his thoughts. Later when Lenehan is walking on his own he thinks of how he wants to settle down and get a steady job with steady pay and have a good home life possibly with a family. The wishes that he has for a better life shows his depth while his partner has none, but once Lenehan sees the gold chain Corely conned a maid into stealing it seems unlikely Lenehan will change. 2.In â€Å"An Encounter† the narrator and Mahoney skip school in search of adventure, however by the end of the story their relationship has greatly changed. Although the narrator never says anything to Mahoney many of his private thoughts are of him thinking why is Mahoney talking to the old man. He was confused on why Mahoney was egging on the old man by having a conversation while the narrator sat silently. The narrator by the end of the story thinks of Mahoney as dumb for being unable to see the oddness of the situation with the old man as he was able to. 4.In â€Å"Eveline† she is undecided on the notion of leaving with her love, Frank, and abandoning her family, particularly her father. The quote â€Å"It was hard work – a hard life – but now that she was about to leave it she did not find it a wholly undesirable life† plays on the fact that numerous time in the story she changes her mind on whether or not to leave. Certain things make her want to leave such as thinking about how her mother felt stuck, while other things made her want to stay such as the harp playing reminding her of her mother’s death. She constantly is convincing herself to either go or stay even if the reason that she comes up with goes against how she actually feels. Her logic leaves her saying things like the quote in that even though she feels the want to leave she convinces herself it is just as nice to stay home.

Reasons Why Projects Fail Essay Example for Free

Reasons Why Projects Fail Essay In a perfect world, every project would be on time and within budget. But reality (especially the proven statistics) tells a very different story. Its not uncommon for projects to fail. Even if the budget and schedule are met, one must ask did the project deliver the results and quality we expected? True project success must be evaluated on all three components. Otherwise, a project could be considered a failure. Have you ever seen a situation where projects begin to show signs of disorganisation, appear out of control, and have a sense of doom and failure? Have you witnessed settings where everyone works in a silo and no one seems to know what the other team member is doing? What about team members who live by the creed Ill do my part (as I see fit) and after that, its their problem. Even worse is when team members resort to finger-pointing. Situations similar to these scenarios point to a sign that reads danger. And if you read the fine print under the word danger it reads, your project needs to be brought under control or else it could fail. When projects begin to show signs of stress and failure, everyone looks to the project manager for answers. It may seem unfair that the burden of doom falls u pon a single individual. But this is the reason why you chose to manage projects for a living! Youve been trained to recognise and deal with these types of situations. There are many reasons why projects (both simple and complex) fail; the number of reaso can ns be infinite. However, if we apply the 80/20 rule the most common reasons for failure can be found in the following list: Undefined objectives and goals Lack of management commitment Even with the best of intentions or solid plans, project can go awry if they are not managed properly. All too often, mishaps can occur (and usually do). This is when the project manager must recognise a warning sign and take action. If you understand the difference between symptoms and problems and can spot warning signs of project failure, your training will help you take steps to right the ship before it keels over. Yes, its the project managers responsibility to correct the listing no one else. In addition to applying the processes and principles tau ght in project management class, you can also use your personal work skills of communication, management, leadership, conflict resolution, and diplomacy to take corrective action. During the course of managing a project, the project manager must monitor ac tivities (and distractions) from many sources and directions. Complacency can easily set in. When this happens, the process of monitoring breaks down. This is why the project manager must remain in control of a project and be aware of any activity which presents a risk of project failure. Yes, this is why you are paid the big bucks. Tom Carlos has over 20 years of cumulative experience in business, technical, and training environments. Project Smart is the project management resource that helps managers at all levels to improve their performance. We provide an important knowledge base for those involved in managing projects of all kinds. With regular updates it keeps you in touch with the latest project management thinking. http://www.projectsmart.co.uk Reasons Why Projects Fail

Concepts of change management

Concepts of change management Understanding change management is essential for successful information systems development and implementation in the 21st century Introduction In this assignment work I would like to present the features and concepts of change management and the effect caused in an organisation in the 21st century. I am explaining this through by an organization Infosys Technologies in which I worked after completing my bachelors. After knowing the concept of change management through the lecture and seminar periods, I can say that the change management is very important as I can compare the concept of change management and it is very useful in developing the organisation. Introduction to my Organisation: Infosys Technologies Limited was started in 1981. Today our organization is a worldwide leader of IT and consulting with Overton of over US$ 4 billion. Infosys is defined a delivers and design technology which enabled business solutions .Infosys also provides a complete range of services with leading technology providers. Infosys is Indian based company which is in the top ten business companies. They are a wide range of clients from different sectors as financial, technical, Software and many others. They offer different services they are application services, product engineering, maintenance, testing and validation services, etc. They use Global Delivery Model which is based on the principle of choosing the work place where the talent is best available, where it has least amount of risk and best economic sense. Infosys believe in developing the trust with the communities in which they operate to attain for long period as a corporation. As soon as I completed my B.Tech in the field of Computer science I joined in the courses like Unix and .Net. These courses where completed in about six months of time and I attended the certification exams for these courses as well. After completion of course exams I applied for job interviews and then I got into this company called Infosys as a technical support. Then I got training in communication skills as it is very necessary for the job requirement. Here in the company the person who is responsible for every aspect of the project is manager. The manager should evade all the problems that come within the project and he should be able to get the successful outcome from the given resources. In a project its not only the resources that are important but also the technology in order to run successful organization. Some of the transformational changes are taken by the senior manager so that will be useful in developing the project lifecycle. Because the organization wants to make changes so we can transform from senior management to a transformational leader. Employees were hired who have good skills, communication skills and also who have quality to enter into the project development team. During the training periods the managers will be checking the employees skills and improvement. After few weeks if there is a difference in their performance the employee may be removed from the project and again will be put through training period. Definition of Change Management: The name Change management itself derives as managing the change. Change management is derived as the process, equipment and techniques that are used to manage the change processes of people side. Change management is very important in this competitive world as in every organisation or company change occurs at some point this may occur due to change in technology , working conditions , to achieve the required outputs ,or to compete the competitors etc., By this we can say that change management is very important for a successfully running company or organisation. The levels of changes in the Change Management. They are Alpha Change Beta Change Gamma Change Alpha Change: Alpha change is a gradual incremental planned approach that emerge for a short time and which focuses on a particular point within an company or organisation. Alpha change helps in identifying the objective and delivers the required change. When i was working in a company or organization i had a short time change where i was working on UNIX and on the other side we had an another project which was based on JAVA has been in pending and the deadline was about to come. So, our project manager has assigned some of our project members to the JAVA project. So we had three hours of JAVA training every day and worked hard to finish the project in time. We were successful in delivering the project on time. There was no difficulty in this type of change but the employees must be mentally prepared. Beta Change: Beta change is a gradual incremental emergent approach which develops over a period of time to make the complete change in the organisation. This change is a planned change. Gamma Change: Gamma change is nothing but a transformational and full attempt to create a change in the organisation. This is a high range change. Gamma change involves high risk when compared to alpha and beta change. In this change we cannot expect the output. Lewins Model of Change: This model consists of three stages. They are Unfreezing Changing or Movement Refreeze Unfreezing: Unfreezing is the change where they violate down active ways of doing things, discarding the conventional methods and behaviours patterns and introducing a new methods and behaviours. Education, communication, participating in decision making etc.., is some of the techniques used for unfreezing. Changing or Movement: Change or movement is the change where they move towards the proposed change, where they learn new methodologies. This is the change where problems arise and they tackle it efficiently it is a time of trail and error. Refreezing: Refreezing is making the change permanent. It is the final stage where new concepts become habitual, which includes developing new concepts and establishing new interpersonal relationships. Investigate: Every company or organisation has a strategy .The main duty of this strategy is to find out the strengths and weakness of the company and finding the different solutions. For investigation we have three main models. They are SWOT Analysis PEST Analysis System Model SWOT Analysis: SWOT Analysis was the main analysis for our organisation. SWOT is abbreviated as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In our organization the main Strengths were good team management, brand, staff, market position, financial position, services and growing . The weakness of our company was sales channels, lack of new technologies and competitive vulnerability. The opportunities of our company were new complimentary market ,strategic alliances like funding, sales, products, market position for growth and the main threats of our company were the economy, lose of key staff , cash flow, falling sales, decreasing profits etc.. By the SWOT analysis we came to know about the companys Strenghts, weakness, opportunities and threats which helped in improving the companys weak points and work on it more. Pest Analysis: PEST Analysis is abbreviated as Political, Economical , Sociocultural And Technology factors. Political Factors: The political structure of India is stable but there is a hung parliament fear its due to the parliaments unclear majority , the customer projections and the terrorists attacks, the govt. Position on marketing. The government decides whether to give more IT works or not. Economical Factors: The economical factors consist of economy rates, the employee level of per capita. In 2009 our company IT domestic spending of IT is raised by more percentage. The rental has been decreased due to real estate decline. Sociocultural Factor: The sociocultural factors by the word itself derives as the social and cultural .Social and cultural always vary from country to country as it depends on the different criterias like the domain religion, language, customer time, population ,strong and weak opinions etc Technological factors: Technology plays a vital role in competitive advantages and is important of globalization. In our company the technological factors are it uses the low cost technologies and provides modernization challenge and opportunities. System Model: The seven s model is used to know about the company and its accuracy. It mainly has seven elements they are Style Skills Systems Strategy Structure Shared Values Staff From the Above diagram we can see all the seven-s are connected to each other. So if there is any change in a single element it effect all the other elements. Here the first three elements i.e.., the strategy, structure and the systems are the hardware of the organization and rest of all the elements are the software of the organization. Decide: After completion of investigation now we have a clear idea to set some objectives which are used for implementing the change. They are by training the employees in new technologies ,by keeping the goals for the projects individually and motivating the employees by creating the short time wins during the change effort and by planning a get together for the achievements and installing all the new technologies into the system. Enable: Enable is known as the planning stage for implementing the changes and allocate the recourses. It is very important for every organization or a company to know the different phases because if they find any error we can overcome them easily. They are mainly four phases. They are Exploration Phase Planning Phase Action phase Integration phase Exploration Phase: In this phase organisation are consults for better implementations of the modify. There are different types of consultancy. Schein (1987) suggests three important models of consultation. They are Expert Model Doctor Patient Model Process Consultation Model Expert Model: In expert model if a problem arises the model organisation identifies its problem and the consultancy is the expert which gives solution to the organization. According to E H Schein (1985) the boundary of tasks are clearly identified boundary and are highly specific. The type of tasks the expert model applies on technical or task issue and the diagnosis is done by client assumption as the client is right and the consultants do what ever the client tell them. Doctor Patient Model: In doctor patient model the consultant acts as a doctor and the organization as the patient. In this model consultancy diagnose the problem which arise in an organisation and tells the solution to the organisation and the organisation is dependable for applying the solution whether to apply the solution or to find an other solution but they have to track on the solution which was given by the consultancy. According to E H Schein (1985) the margins of task is quite specific but with the potential development depending on what the output is and the tasks which are done by doctor patient model is generally connected with human organizations. Process consultancy model the key role is in between the consultant and the clients trust. The consultant identifies the problem in the organization and gives the solution. In this process we unfreeze the system and then install the new change and when the change is installed successfully then we have to refreeze the system. According to E H Schein (1985) process consultancy model has a very wide potential boundaries and although the consultant comes out with a new problem solution methods this is solved in joined way. The output is very much responsible on both consultant and client so they need to have a high level of trust between them. Planned Phase: After the problem is solved the implementation of the change should be planned. Here in this planned phase the expert plays an important role in the plan of change. In this phase we will know what are the step[s in planning ? And what are the stages involved in planning? The consultant will help the company in each and every phase as if they will not be able to solve the problem then they will go for the help of experts. Action Phase: Only experts are meant to do the actions. They will be involved from the very first stage till the end stage. Integration Phase: The last phase is the integration phase. Each and every company have their own requirements which will be fulfilled in the implementation of the planned and action phases and then the employees will start their work on their projects. The employees will be given targets to reach both individually and group wise. Act: Action is the change which is done by persons only the position of the person may vary from phase to phase. The team leader plays the main role as he is one who guides the team members. Conclusion: I came across all these changes in the management when I worked in the company but then I could not realise what exactly it was. But after coming here for Masters and learning about Change management and systems implementation I came to know that change in an organization plays a vital role. Change is not only needed for the organization but also individually as individually it helps in making a successful life ahead. Change does take time but later it gives successful results that are desired. Finally it is important for the organization to pace up with business needs and to also overcome the competitors. references http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/capstone/health/trans.html http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_PEST.htm http://www.infosys.com/about/what-we-do/Pages/index.aspx

Lord Of The Flies Vs. Huck Fin :: essays research papers

Responsibility   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society, human beings must learn to take care of something or someone,and that is a responsibility that they must uphold. In both the Lord of the Flies, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the responsibility of the boys is to manage by themselves without any adults to take care of them. The events in William Golding’s book Lord of the Flies can be easily compared to those of Mark Twain’s book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, because the main characters both have major responsibilities. There are two responsibilities that the characters came in contact with, taking care of people,including themselves, and being responsible enough to do the right thing. Thus, responsibility helps individuals to evolve and mature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taking care of yourself, as well as others is an enormous responsibility. In both books, the main characters must take care of themselves because they do not know who they can trust. The boys in the Lord of the Flies basically have to live their own lives, for they are on an island with no one to run to except themselves, or some of the other boys that they trust. Although, the ones they trust are already fending for themselves. The characters all go through changes as they adjust to their new world, and become different people because of it. In example to this, Jack seems like a strong willed character at the start of the book, but the other boys never would have imagined he would turn into a cold blooded killer. Therefore, they must learn to take care of themselves for they can not depend on Jack or any of the older boys, to be there for each and every one of them. It is proven that each boy has this responsibility in the following quote;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Merridew turned to Ralph. ‘Aren’t there any grown-ups?’ ‘No.’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Merridew sat down on a trunk and looked round the circle. ‘Then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  we’ll have to look after ourselves.’† (Golding 17)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is an immense responsibility for the boys, because they never had to live on their own before they arrived on the island. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, both Jim, the runaway nigger, and Huck choose the responsibility of taking care of themselves. This is because they both run away from the lives they had been living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"But looky here, Huck, who wuz it dat ‘uz killed in dat shanty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ef it warn’t you?

Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on USA’s Environment and Econ

Depleting reserves, high oil prices and spectacular offshore discoveries concentrated a global attention to deep water (National Geographic, p.3). Joel and Bourne (2010) claim â€Å"the Gulf of Mexico now accounts for 30 percent of U.S. production, with half of that coming from deep water (1,000 to 4,999 feet)†. The U.S. government roughly calculated that the deep Gulf might contain 45 billion barrels of oil (NG, p.44). Hence, this fact gave new reasons for oil companies to drill oil wells in that region. The Minerals Management Service (MMS), the national agency that administrated offshore drilling, used to claim that the possibilities of blowout were less than one percent, and that if one did happen, it would not release much oil (National Geographic, Joel.K, Bourne, JR. The deep dilemma, October,2010, vol.218., no4, p.42). But an explosive blowout of the Maconda well that occurred in late April contradicts MMS’s statement. Since Deepwater Horizon rig explosion cause d the most serious accidental marine oil spill in history and instantly acquired major political, environmental and economic importance (Robertson and Krauss 2010). According to Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report, a well control incident allowed hydrocarbons to escape from the Macondo well onto Deepwater Horizon oil rig, causing explosions and fire on the rig. The fire proceeded for thirty-six hours until the rig sank (Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report). For approximately three months, hydrocarbons escaped from the container through the blowout preventers and the wellbore, resulting in a spill of national significance (Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report). Worse still, eleven workers died, 205.8 million gallons of oil gushed into th... ...ng years of failed efforts to recover from past destruction. To accomplish its restoration is the most principal challenge now encountering Gulf despite years of unsuccessful approaches to recover from previous damages. According to Cohen’s (1986) oil spillage damage statistics, the environmental impact from the 5 million barrels of oil spilled by the Deepwater Horizon is to exceed $1.5 billion, nevertheless according to Helton and Penn (1999) is to be approximately $13.6 billion (Cohen 2011). Mentioned statistics exclude clean up costs or compensation to private parties that have incurred economic losses (Cohen 2011). Applying the ExxonValdez per gallon estimates to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill would provide an impact estimate varying in value from $105 billion to $239 billion—a figure that includes both environmental impact and economic impact (Cohen 2011).

Witchcraft in Salem Essay -- Salem Possesed Witchcraft Witch Trials Es

Witchcraft in Salem In the past, the word Salem has always been somewhat synonymous with the infamous witch trials. Thanks to works such as Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†, many people find it hard not to envision a community torn apart by chaos, even though Miller’s play was not so much about the witch trials but instead a commentary on the rampant McCarthyism going on at the time he wrote it. Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, however, see a very different picture when the Salem witch trials are mentioned. Rather than overlook the â€Å"ordinary† people living in the towns in which they write about (in the case of Salem Possessed, the town of Salem, Massachusetts), they instead take the instance of the witch trials of 1692 and springboard from them into a detailed inquisition into the entire history of the small village of Salem; or, in their own words, Boyer and Nissenbaum have â€Å"exploited the focal events of 1692 somewhat as a stranger might make use of a li ghtning flash in the night: better to observe the contours of the landscape which it chances to illuminate† (xii). That is to say, the authors strive to show how the witch trials were not simply a completely spontaneous event, but rather a long, horrible process by which individuals were singled out, tried, and executed in order to vent emotions of hostility towards change. The way in which the authors go about this, however, is in a somewhat difficult to comprehend style that goes back and forth between the years, forcing one to rethink all the facts thus far each time a new chapter is introduced. In addition, the authors tend to focus mostly on the social and economic aspects of witchcraft, with little to nothing as far as further explanation of the actions of the women accused. In the year 1692, the small farming village of Salem, Massachusetts saw a social phenomenon that would propel the village into the history books: the calamity that was witchcraft. The witch trials were initiated whenever three young girls, Betty Parris, Abigail Williams, and Ann Putnam were caught performing fortune telling rituals in the woods, trying to gather information on what type of man would be best for them. Soon thereafter, the girls began experiencing hysterical fits, prompting Betty Parris’s father, Reverend Samuel Parris, to call in the authorities to confirm the cause of the girls’ symptoms. ... ...rought into the case would treat it as though it were a completely rational occurrence. But then again, this is perhaps more of a fault of my own than of the authors. In the end, Salem Possessed did indeed leave me with more of an understanding of the events that took place in Salem Village, even though that understanding did seem a little shallow, as I felt it only focused on one aspect of the whole. But regardless of my unpleasant viewpoint on said novel, Mr.’s Boyer and Nissenbaum have done an admirable thing by taking the Salem witch trials and examining them by today’s standards. By going strictly from church records and personal accounts, the authors have brought a whole new light to what was once percieved as a purely tyrannical act of prejudice against seemingly random people, letting the public know that it was in fact a calculated attack on many ‘radical’ individuals. And, while the book did occasionally fall short on offering a complete picture of the events, it was still a fairly succinct guide to the economic factors involved with the village of Salem and its â€Å"fifteen minutes†, as it were, a nd as such would be reccommended to history buffs around the world.

Persuasive Study: Why We Vote Essay

America has been the land of the free and the home of the brave since 1776. America has been free from the monarchy of Great Britain. Over 200 years later, American citizens still fight for freedom and to uphold a strong democracy. Voting is important in America because the opinions and the results of voters reflect America’s morals and ethic, and the right to vote is a privilege. Also, every vote counts. Because America has the opportunity to vote, the overall view of America is not formed of what she truly is, but what the citizens are. What a person’s character is consists of what their values and beliefs are. When voting is accessible, those who do vote, vote for what represents them most accurately. If the voters don’t vote, the only representation of this country is of those who did vote. America is one of the only countries that have the freedom to vote with a democracy government in the world. Many countries do not have an option of whether or not they wish to vote. Monarchies or dictatorships, for example, have one ruler that enforces and makes all the laws and rules of that specific country; the citizens do not have a say about what they think is wrong or right. Because America has the opportunity to vote, the privilege should be expressed as much as possible. With the dilemma of not all citizens voting, the democracy can be far from a success. Those citizens that do vote present strong patriotism. Although patriotism is a praised emotion, not all patriotic people have the same ideas for this country. For example, a recent controversy is the problems with abortion. If majority of citizens that vote are not against abortion but a few others are against voting, they will lose all possibilities of opposing abortion simply because they gave up. Ever since 1776, America has been a democracy and a free country. Having a government that is a democracy, the right to vote accompanies it. Voting is crucial to the system of democracy for various reasons: the laws and representatives exemplify not only the government but the whole country, voting can be taken for granted and should be appreciated more, and if a citizen does not vote, they have no say in what happens in this country.

Organizational Behavior and Globalization Essay

In a world which is characterized by globalization, especially in terms of the operations of different businesses, there is also a need for organizations to demonstrate a higher degree of responsiveness and provide an assurance that its current management systems in place are in accordance with the requirements of the current environment and context. With this thing in mind, it can be noted that one of the things which significant affect the operations of businesses which should be highlighted, in response to being more global, or to globalization, would be organizational behavior. In the past years, globalization has been taken into different contexts and has become more apparent in the operations of many businesses. In a nutshell, the occurrence of globalization can be seen as the act of being absent of distance in culture and society, as there is said to be unification and in time and space, affecting various facets of the society, including political, cultural, social, and econom ic life (Ray, 2007). It is apparent that globalization has led into paradigm shifts in the manner at which many businesses operates wuch as with regards to the presence of a stronger international trade, major technological advancements, and increased cultural exchange (Braun, 2005). Because of the significant effects which were brought about by the advent of globalization in contemporary businesses, it is apparent that there has also been an urgent need for these firms to address such concerns in managing organizational behavior. Many organizations should adapt to the consequences of globalization because of the fact that it creates a great impact on their organizational behavior. Because of the higher degree of interdependence between different factors which are relevant in the operations of organizations such as economic, cultural, and social factors, it has been regarded that there is a higher concern for many to place a gat deal of emphasis on organizational behavior. In addition, the advent of globalization has also made businesses expand their operations, some even on an international scale. Because of such expansion, or what others would call multinationalization, it can be reflected that teher are apparent differences within the employees, and even the m anagement style, within the  organization. These differences and diversity, as brought about by various cultures in the work environment, and as a consequence of globalization, can be given the appropriate solutions given the fact that the management has the right approach towards organizational behavior (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 2010). The world made closer and smaller, as a consequence of globalization, has made significant changes in with regards to organizational behavior. From the management context, the intertwining of cultures within organization, again, as a consequence of globalization, has serious management implications. It calls upon the greater need to manage organizational behavior in such a way that it must be assured that the people are made comfortable under a diverse working environment to make them more effective and efficient in their jobs (Harris and Hartman, 2002). In addition, it is also important to note that globalization serves as a major force which restructures economic, political, and social systems within societies and within organizations. With such, as it has been highlighted in the earlier sections of this paper, globalization calls for better management of organizational behavior and it should be assured that the organizational changes which serve as the consequences of globalization should be given emphasis so that it will not allow any negative consequences on the way people behave and functions within today’s contemporary organizations. The management of today’s organizations must learn many international management techniques, especially those which relate to management of the workforce, to be assured that they are not negatively affected by the outcomes which are brought by globalization (Griffin and Moorhead, 2010). Organizational Behavior and Organizational Structure For the effective and efficient operations of any organizations, one of the most apparent requirements would be an organizational structure which fits the business and which would gain a high level of support from its workforce. Organizational structure, by definition, is a system which allows the provision of the division, grouping, and coordination of various activities within the organization. It provides an outline of the tasks  which shall be completed by individuals and groups (Hoye, et al., 2009). Furthermore, it also allows the provision of the hierarchy of authority and responsibilities to determine the people who would be reporting with the superiors and to be able to as well provide how the employees are linked to each other, with specific emphasis on the tasks which are supposed to be completed (Kinney, 2008). It is assumed that the organizational design and structure can be considered as a key shaping force of the organizational behavior. They are highly influential towards the implementation of strategies and also significant towards being able to trigger both employee commitment and motivation (Beer, n.d.). Because of the high degree of importance which is placed upon organizational structure, it is apparent that many firms in today’s time are already veering away from the traditional forms of management. For instance, instead of the deployment of an organizational structure which is mechanistic or stable, many firms are now using a structure and design which is organic or adaptive., The use of such organizational structure is said to give them the benefit of flexibility and being more dynamic. With such, it can also be assumed that there is a greater flexibility towards the management of the behavior of the workforce. In addition, it is also important to take note that certain aspects of organizational behavior, such as the turnover satisfaction, and performance of the workforce, are greatly influenced by its structure. In an organic or adaptive organization, as it has been mentioned earlier, it can be seen that the level of employee satisfaction is higher basically because there is a greater degree of responsiveness in accordance with what is needed rather than being stable regardless of the situation which the work environment is confronted with (Walonick, 1993). Furthermore, it should be assured that the organization is structured in such a way that it is responsive of the needs and the objectives of the organization. A weak or deficient organizational structure can have negative effects on organizational behavior, such as in the following aspects: it can delay decision-making because of overloaded hierarchy; correct information may not be provided to the right person and in the right format, therefore  leading into low-quality of decision outcomes; organization may demonstrate the failure to become responsive of the changing environment, especially in a case of an organization with a highly diversified workforce; and there might be a presence of conflicts between individuals and departments which are working against each other (Nelson and Quick, 2008). Different organizational structures, including the systems for reporting and supervision, show a variety of effects on organizational behavior. For instance, n a firm in which the decision-making activities are concentrated on the top or senior management, or under a highly centralized organization, the praises for the problem solving techniques all go to the top management,. In such case, it can be reflected that employees may have a feeling that it is quite unfair for them, especially if they know that they have exerted significant efforts in carrying out a multitude of tasks, for which the credit goes not to them, but to the senior management. This could result into lack of motivation and low level of employee morale. On the other hand, in an organizational structure at which there are rigid policies and vague design on who and where to report, there is a potential to lead the workforce into the feeling that they are not trusted basically because they are not involved. In such organizational structure, employees may demonstrate low quality of work and low degree of productivity basically because there is a failure from the management to provide am organizational design which clearly outlines their responsibilities and hierarchy. Because of such situations, it is therefore important to create an organizational structure which will be able to make the organizations more effective through a behavior which can be expected to result into high quality of outputs ( Phillips and Gully, 2011). Organizational Behavior and Outsourcing Outsourcing in business is indeed a proof that globalization has taken its toll in the operations of today’s organizations. Outsourcing allows for the transfer of the recurrent internal activities of an organization to a contracted outside provider. Outsourcing is considered as a strategic move by today’s contemporary businesses for different reasons and benefits, such  as the following: enhancing the effectiveness of the organization by the demonstration of a focus on the things which they do best; improvement in operation performance, increasing product, service, customer, and shareholder value; improving risk management; improving control and management; reduction in investments of various assets; gaining market access through the provider of services which are outsources; and expansion of the organization’s current market (Greaver, 1998). Furthermore, the practice of outsourcing business activities can also result into increased flexibility with regards to ensuring the maximum optimization of the resources which the organization is confronted with and it also allows rapid technological migration (Blokdijk, 2008). Outsourcing, aside from the fact that it leads into significant reduction in costs, speeding up business activities, and increasing the efficiency of an organization, also shows significant benefits with regards to organizational behavior. For instance, it has been noted that because of outsourcing, there is a greater possibility for teamwork to be apparent within the operations of the organization. Outsourcing makes it possible for the workforce to focus on their job junctions at which they are skilled and competent, making them more valuable for the firm. This can lead into heightened employee motivation and morale, especially knowing the fact that they are given the chance to excel on the things which they do best. It would be possible to enhance teamwork with the presence of outsourcing in the organization, especially if communication, trust, and cooperation are also apparent in the organizational culture. However, although it can be seen as beneficial in the promotion of teamwork, it does not come in the absence of challenges. These challenges are commonly as well significant in the field of organizational behavior. In the case of organizations in which outsourcing is practiced, it is extremely possible to view such as a threat and lack of support from management. This is basically because the two different companies may not develop a dynamic and lasting relationship which can motivate the employees to do well in their jobs (Griffin and Moorhead, 2010). Outsourcing has a direct impact on the employees of the organization. For instance, it has been assumed by some that outsourcing can be treated as an  apparent breach of the psychological contract of the employees with the organization. This means that the unconscious expectations of the employees for the organization to be more responsive of their psychological needs and be more supportive of their psychological defenses are not fulfilled. Such has the potential to lead into low employee morale and any other aspects of human behavior which can trigger productivity and efficiency at work (Morgan, 2009). In addition, another effect of outsourcing in organizational behavior is that it can possibly lead the employees into having a feeling of job deterioration and job insecurity. It can lead into the deterioration of working conditions in the sense that such employees may be assigned work which is precarious and it can also elad into longer working hours. For instance, if the business is outsourced in a different country, there may be significant differences in working hours between the two locations and it can inevitably lead into stress and unfavorable working conditions at one end (Blanke, 2009). Lastly, outsourcing also has the potential to lead into thinking that the skills and competencies of the employees are underestimated (Roe, et al., n.d.). Organizational Behavior and Virtual Organizations Virtual organization, just like outsourcing, is also one of the means to make the world smaller through a network of connections to make business processes more efficient and easier. A virtual organization is an organization which even members are geographically separated from each other, the organization is still single and unified as they are connected with computers and other means of technology which would allow them to be working with each other, regardless of their locations. One of its most outstanding features is that it lacks physical structure which shows that such organizations have a lower degree of physical presence compared to organizations of other types. Operations are often decentralized rather than being concentrated, basically because the members are geographically dispersed from each other. In addition, it also demonstrates heavy reliance on a multitude of communication technologies in order to link people with each other. Organizations of such type also benefits from the fact that it is inclusive, boundaryless, responsive, and flexible. However, although such  benefits may prove to be evident in the case of virtual organizations, it is also apparent that t requires the need for sophisticated management techniques as there is a need to link and unify people into one common organizational objective, despite the fact that they are working in distant locations (Warner and Witzel, 2004). Just like in cases which were earlier mentioned in the earlier sections of this paper, the operations of virtual organizations also show significant effects with regards to organizational behavior. The advent of various information and communication tcehnologes has given way to such developments in organizational operations. Without a doubt, people were given the opportunity to complete their jobs anywhere and anytime which they find it appropriate. The development of such virtual organizations presented a number of challenges in the management of organizational behavior. In the absence of a physical environment which shall govern and monitor the completion of jobs, there are apparent common challenges such as the management and leadership style which shall be employed, career planning, evaluation of performance, and how the employees will be monitored (Kirel, 2007). Furthermore, it has also been regarded that one of the most important requirements essential in the success of virtual organizations is the fact that the members or the employees must be knowledgeable and competent in the use of various technologies which shall facilitate communication and coordination between the distant parties working with each other in pursuit of the business goals. In such regard, to be able to result into efficacy, there is a need for the coordination of the different agents who are involved in organizational behavior. There is a need to ensure that all the concerned people will have an understanding of the domain of operations of the virtual organization to be assured that they will demonstrate a high or an acceptable level of competency in the completion of their tasks (Camarinha-Matos and Afsarmanesh, 2004). Because one of the main goals of virtual organizations is to coordinate and link people in different locations, management will be confronted with a  great challenge in terms of how it shall enact a culture which is apparent in any other organization. There will be a challenge to maintain commitment from the workforce despite the fact that there may be an absence of direct supervision and insufficiency of support coming from the management. There is a potential fgor the presence of increased conflict and decreased loyalty. Such organizational behavior concerns will be quite challenging to manage basically because of the presence of geographically-dispersed locations of operations (Sims, 2002). Organizational Behavior and Strategic Alliances With the goal of achieving better business efficiency and effectiveness, many organizations consider a number of means by which they can be able to increase their competency and ability. One of such would be through strategic alliances which make it possible to demonstrate a high degree of cooperation between various groups in lieu of the objective of being able to better business results. Through strategic alliances, businesses are able to employ a cooperative strategy through the combination of capabilities and resources to be able to achieve their sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, under the concept of strategic alliances, there is an apparent sharing and exchange of both resources and capabilities between firms which are partnering with each other. Today, such alliances have been regarded as a competitive strategy, especially for many smaller businesses which are competing against the bigger ones. Strategic alliances are often given consideration by the management in o rder to expand their operations and tap a greater fraction of the market, which they cannot complete in the absence of another firm to help them accomplish their goals (Hitt, et al., 2009). With the variety of definitions which are given to describe the contexts of strategic alliances, two prove to be most significant in its relation to organizational behavior. First, strategic alliances entail the involvement of two different organizational entities. These organizational actors are separate, initially, as being characterized by differences in interests, powers, and identities. Second, the formation of a strategic alliance is geared towards the interaction of two parties to achieve specific goals  which may vary across partners. The relationship between the organizations forming an alliance serves as a significant discussion in the examination of their relevance to organizational behavior. One of the major challenges which are confronting such integration of businesses is the fact that it many potentially lead into intergroup and identity issues. This is emerging from the fact that in the case of alliance formations, two or more distinct groups of organizations composed of employees with different culture and orientation, will be working together for a long period of time to achieve a common business goal. Some of the potential issues which may arise from such would include mistrust, favoritism, and group boundaries which would divide the workforce, instead of being unified. Fairness and inclusion are also among two of the most important dimensions which should be highlighted in intergroup issues which are given rise by the advent of strategic alliances. Furthermore, in-group favoritism, as earlier mentioned, can also be evident. This can be possible in a case wherein one side of employees would be more favored from the alliance, especially if such party has a greater contribution towards the success o0f the said alliance. There is also a high tendency and possibility that cultural clash can be present because of the dissimil arity from the different groups of employees. Such issues should be highlighted in the management of organizational behavior so that they cannot6 further escalate into problems which can lead into the failure to manage diversity and can lead into insufficiency of teamwork within the organization formed from a strategic alliance (Leung and White, 2004). Managerial perceptions and cognitions are important to be developed in the case of strategic alliance sin order to see to it that organizational behavior is properly managed, in such a way that it brings an inclusive workplace, while highlighting the significance of diversity management, in spite of the fact that the employees came from organizations which were once separate from each other. There is a need to manage inter-organizational in such a way that the emotions, culture, and perspectives of the employees from organizations forming the alliance will be carefully understood (Das, 2011). Organizational Behavior and Multinational Corporations Current trends in the business context, such as the increasing presence of globalization, have also allowed businesses to flourish and expand their operations on a global scale. An evident proof of such claim is the perpetual increase in the number of multinational corporations operating in different countries all over the world. Selling goods and services of corporations in different countries is not a new phenomenon in the business context, but contemporary issues have confronted such firms especially given the perpetually changing economic and political context which governs their operations. The multinational corporations can be seen as a highly effective and efficient means for utilizing the world’s resources, including humans. It is also an effective tool for bringing new technologies and highly advanced business practices, especially in their operations in developing nations. Despite the fact that a multitude of risks are confronting their operations, it cannot be denie d that they bring benefits which are unparalleled especially in terms of economic metrics (Yusof, 2007). One of the major challenges which are evident in the operations of multinational corporations is the fact that it must be able to demonstrate flexibility and responsiveness in the management of people. This is in recognition of the approach that there is a no one-size-fits-all approach towards managing organizational behavior and culture. Multinational corporations must be able to adjust their management styles and strategies depending on the country at which it has its operations. The organizational behavior must be adjusted to the context that it will prove to be appropriate to the organizational culture. In addition, there is also a need to manage the global company in such a way that teamwork is promoted despite the diversity of operations and that there is a promotion of inclusivity in the workplace in order to positively influence to attitudes and behaviors of the workforce. Control and coordination should be the focus of the people managing multinational corporations to be assured that the employee needs and requirements are being meant, in spite of the breadth nd scope of the operations of the firm. The right principles towards international management and organizational behavior should be strongly demonstrated in managing an organization in which more than one culture as involved, like in  the context of the operations of multinational corporations. In such case, diversity management is essential to promote a work environment which is conducive and productive (Arora, 2000). In some multinational corporations, even if it can be assumed that the operations are autonomous from each other, there is still a strong need in order to properly manage organizational behavior. As it has been discussed, the diversity of culture, same in the case of strategic alliances, should be one of the most significant highlights which should be prioritized by the management of the organization. There is a need to assure that there is a common vision across boundaries which separate operations. A unified goal is needed in order to get the workforce to act in such a way that the complexity of wide scale operations is minimized to an acceptable level. The ability of multinational corporations to create a globally integrated system will be largely dependent on its capacity to manage its operations, given the fact that it extends geographical boundaries. To create such integration in its systems of operations, there is a need for the demonstration of the ability to manage apparent differences of its people across cultures, to be assured that they will behave and perform in accordance with what is expected to generate better business results and create a more dynamic work environment (Phillips and Gully, 2011). REFERENCES: Arora, R., 2000.Encyclopedic dictionary of organization behavior. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons Beer, M., n.d., Organizational behavior and development. [online]. Available at: [Accessed 28 July 2011]. Blanke, T., 2009. Recasting worker involvement? Germany: Kluwer Academic Press Blokdijk, G., 2008. Outsourcing 100 success secrets. Oxford: Lulu Braun, M.A., 2005. Does it matter for the business world whether globalization worsens income inequality between and within nations? Germany: Verlag Camarinha-Matos, L. and Afsarmanesh, H., 2004. Processes and foundations for virtual organizations. Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Press Das, T.K., 2011. Strategic alliances in a globalizing world. New York; Information Age Publishing Inc. Greaver, M.F., 1998. Strategic outsourcing: a strategic approach to outsourcing decisions and initiatives. New York: AMACOM Griffin, R.W. and Moorhead, G., 2010. Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations. Ohio: South-western Cengage Learning Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., and Hoskisson, R.E., 2009. Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization. Ohio: Southwestern Cengage Learning Hoye, R., Smith, A., Nicholson, M., Stewart, B., and Westerbeek, H., 2009. Sports management: principles and applications. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Harris, O.J. and Hartman, S.J., 2002. Organizational behavior. New York: The Haworh Press, Inc. Kinney, D.P., 2008. Organizational structure in community colleges: past, present, and future. Michigan: ProQuest LLC. Leung, K. and White, S., 2004. Exploring dark corners: an agenda for organizational behavior research in alliance contexts. Hong Kong: Insead Kirel, C., 2007. The future of organizational behavior in virtual organizations. Anadolu University Journal of Sciences. 7 (1). Pp. 93-110 Morgan, S.J., 2009. The human side of outsourcing: psychological theory and management practice. Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Nelson, D.L. and Quick, J.C., 2008. Understanding organizational behavior. Ohio: Thomson Higher Education Phillips, J. and Gully, S.M., 2011. Organizational behavior: tools for success. Ohio: South-western Cengage Learning Ray, L.J., 2007. Globalization and everyday life. New York: Routledge Roe, R.A., Smeelen, M., and Hoefeld, C., n.d. Outsourcing and organizational change: an employee perspective. [online]. Available at: http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=3748 [Accessed 28 July 2011]. Sims, R.R., 2002. Managing organizational behavior. Connecticut: Quorum Books. Wagner, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2010. Organizational behavior: securing competitive advantage. New York: Routledge Walonick, D.S., 1993. Organizational theory and behavior. [online]. Available at: [Accessed 28 July 2011]. Warner, M. and Witzel, M., 2004. Managing in virtual organizations. London: Thomson Learning. Yusof, Y., 2007. Managing financial risk for multinational companies in South East Asia. London: AuthorHouse

The President’s National Drug Control Strategy

The National Drug Control Strategy was announced by the Bush administration during the first quarter of 2002. It is believed that the strategy was devised because of the perceived loss of â€Å"the national will to fight against substance abuse. † This perception resulted from a dismal situation recently occurring in the country. For instance, the findings of the â€Å"Monitoring the Future Survey† which was conducted by the University of Michigan showed that 26 out of 100 eight grade pupils admitted to trying illegal drugs at one time or another. In addition to this sad reality, it was observed that many drug dependents in the United States do not get the treatment required to help them get rid of their addiction. Faced with such a grim state of affairs, President Bush declared his belief that â€Å"the time has come to re-energize the national movement against illegal drugs †¦[by making up] lost ground in the fight against drugs by applying the lessons of our recent history – emphasizing a balance between supply and demand reduction effort† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). It is clear, therefore, that the President’s intention is not only to reduce the use of illegal drugs in the country by reducing the number of drug dependents, but also to trim down the supply of drugs entering the country. To achieve this twofold objective, the strategy was based on the following principles, namely: â€Å"stopping drug use before it starts; healing America’s drug users; and disrupting the mark et† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The strategy maintains that in the struggle against illegal substances, every citizen has a vital role to play in â€Å"stopping drug use before it starts. † This could be undertaken through education as well as community-wide efforts. Specifically, the strategy emphasizes that everybody should be an advocate for responsible citizenship. In other words, wherever he or she is, e. g. in the home, in schools, in his or her church, or in the place where he or she works, a standard should be set to reaffirm this value. In this connection, every individual should do everything to convince everybody to reject the idea that the decision to use illegal drugs is an individual freedom. In the home, the parents are expected to instill in the minds of their children that illegal drugs is evil and would destroy them and their future. The educators should also teach the same value in schools while church authorities are counted on to preach the devastating effects of drugs (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). To backstop the efforts of schools and the community, the Office of the President granted an additional $10 million to expand the operations of the â€Å"Drug-Free Communities Support Program† of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), aside from creating a â€Å"Parents Drug Corps† with a budget of $5 million (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). In addition, increased funding were also provided to other ONDCP projects, namely: $25 million to the drug testing of students for the year 2003 (a whopping increase of $23 million); $145 million to the anti-drug information efforts of the â€Å"National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign† for its 2005 expansion which would â€Å"include information for teens and parents to promote early intervention against drug use. † The media campaigns are aimed at changing the beliefs prevailing among American teenagers concerning drugs. Meanwhile, the ONDCP said that the additional $10 million budget for the â€Å"Drug-Free Communities Program† would be able to finance an additional 100 community coalitions who would work for the prevention of drug abuse among young Americans, especially in depressed areas of the country (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). The strategy also aims to â€Å"heal America’s drug users. † To accomplish this goal, the budget for the â€Å"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)† for the year 2003 was set at $2. 35 billion, increasing it to $2. 49 billion for 2004, and $2. 4 billion for the year 2005. Of particular interest is the increase of more than $100 million in the 2005 budget of the SAMHSA—Access to Recovery (ATR) program. According to the ONDCP, this will provide financial assistance to drug dependents who wish to avail of â€Å"clinical treatment or recovery services† on a case-to-case basis (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). Extending additional assistance to drug dependents would be complemented with the creation of â€Å"a new climate of ‘compassionate coercion’† to get drug abusers to enter the government’s treatment programs. Compassionate coercion would be carried out with the help of the criminal justice system and the circle of family and friends of the drug abusers. According to the President’s strategy, it is now time to â€Å"confront drug use – and therefore drug users – honestly and directly† and every effort should be exerted to urge abusers to â€Å"enter and remain in drug treatment† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The drug courts program of the Office of Justice Programs was likewise granted an increase of $32 million from its 2004 budget, raising its 2005 funding to $70. million. According to the strategy, this funding increase would improve the chances of success of the drug court programs by widening the scope as well as increasing the quality of the services provided by drug courts. The strategy explained that the drug court programs are serving as alternative solutions to imprisonment which utilizes the â€Å"coercive power of the court to force abstinence and alter [the] behavior† of drug dependents (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). In other words, under the strategy, the criminal justice system is interested more in treating and rehabilitating drug abusers rather than putting them behind bars. To further enhance the capability of the criminal justice system in the task of treating and rehabilitating drug abusers, the President’s National Drug Control Strategy also increased the budget of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) from $960. 9 million in 2003 to $990. 8 million for 2004 and more than $1 billion for the year 2005. NIDA is the agency which is tasked with conducting research activities concerning the problem, specifically â€Å"on the nature of addiction, development of science-based behavior interventions, medications development, and the rapid translation of research findings into practice. † This initiative clearly spells out one of the most important roles of law enforcement in the drug policy of the president: that of treating and rehabilitating drug dependents (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). Another, equally important role being played by law enforcement in the drug strategy of the president is that of â€Å"disrupting the market and attacking the economic basis of the drug trade,† thereby reducing, if not entirely eliminating, the supply of illegal substance available in or entering the country. For this purpose, at least six government agencies were enlisted, namely: the â€Å"Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF); the Immigration and Customs Enforcement; and the Department of State† (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). â€Å"Disrupting the market† means that law enforcement agencies have both domestic and international missions. In the domestic scene, they are tasked not only with arresting drug suppliers and rounding up drug abusers, but also with intensifying the security of our borders to make the entry of drugs more difficult. In the international level, law enforcers are directed to seek out and destroy the supply of drugs in the countries of origin like Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, and other countries (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The strategy considers reducing or eliminating the supply to be of paramount importance because less supply would mean that the substance would become more expensive and thus less available to Americans. For this reason, law enforcement agencies has been focusing not only on the â€Å"agricultural sources† of these illegal substances but also on their organizational set-ups, the transportation systems of suppliers and distributors, their â€Å"financing mechanisms† and their processing methods. Adequate knowledge of these things would enable American law enforcement agencies to destroy the drugs at source and easily intercept those that producers are able to ship out of their bases of operations (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). The President’s National Drug Control Strategy should be regarded with respect not only because of its awareness of the importance of treating and rehabilitating drug abusers but also because it has correctly pointed out that the complete elimination of the sources of illegal substances is one of the keys to the elimination of the drug problem in the country. The effectiveness of the strategy could be measured in terms of the reduction in the number of drug users and dependents in the country and the reduction or elimination of the supply of illegal substances in the market. Reducing the number of users without eliminating the supply of illegal substances would never be effective since new users and abusers would always crop up.